13th Amendment Annotated Bibliography - 4769 Words

Joseph Cruz 3/22/2012 Annotated Bibliography: 13th Amendment The genre of â€Å"Saving the Right to Organize† would be an article. This would be a secondary source because it is an article, and it refines the primary source. The topic of this source would be that it focuses on the 13th Amendment replacing the Wagner Act on labor movements in the U.S. Percentage of U.S. workers who were unionized in 1953. A good thesis from this source would be Mark Dudzic’s words, â€Å"Articulating [worker] right[s] solely as an individual [human] right leads to its balancing with other rights .. .for example. . . the â€Å"free speech rights† of employers.† This thesis shows that workers that had rights as an individual led to the balancing of other†¦show more content†¦It was written after the time that the primary source, the 13th Amendment, was written. The topic of this article would be that it focuses on the movements, events, and causes leading up to the Civil Rights Act of 196 4. Another topic would be how John F. Kennedy addressed his opinion in civil rights and how at first he was slow about progressing the civil rights movement, but then he saw the violence stirring up in the South and gave one of the best civil rights speeches ever. A good thesis from this article would be, â€Å"A trio of amendments to the U.S. Constitution was meant to help integrate blacks into society. The 13th Amendment, which became law in 1865, abolished slavery. The 14th Amendment (1868) gave all Americans equal protection under the law. The 15th Amendment (1870) proclaimed that voting rights should not be infringed by race, color, or previous servitude.† This was quoted from the article and it shows that these amendments were set out to make all blacks the rights and freedom that everyone else had. The thesis is supported by giving proof that not only the 13th Amendment allowed blacks to obtain the same rights as everyone else had. It introduces the Jim Crow Laws which band colored people from being able to go to certain restaurants, movie theaters, etc. Eventually they were banished

Dbq on the Usefulness of Torture - 1072 Words

The War on Terror has produced several different viewpoints on the utilization of torture and its effectiveness as a means to elicit information. A main argument has been supplied that torture is ineffective in its purpose to gather information from the victim. The usefulness of torture has been questioned because prisoners might use false information to elude their torturers, which has occurred in previous cases of torture. It has also been supposed that torture is necessary in order to use the information to save many lives. Torture has been compared to civil disobedience. In addition, the argument has been raised that torture is immoral and inhumane. Lastly, Some say that the acts are not even regarded as torture. Torture is†¦show more content†¦At the same time, he must subject himself to the consequences of an illegal act. The comparison between civil disobedience and torture is similar to the viewpoint that torture is necessary in order to save a country. There are some that do not constitute the United States treatment of the prisoners at Abu Ghraib and Guantanamo as torture because there were different definitions of the word. According to the Third Geneva Convention, torture is defined as acts of violence and any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental is intentionally inflicted. After the September 11, 2001 attack, the United States changed its definition of torture to physical pain amounting to torture must be equivalent in intensity to the pain accompanying serious physical injury, such as organ failure, impairment of bodily function, or even death. To be regarded as torture, the act must cause some lasting, though not necessarily permanent damage. Some disregard these acts as simply cruel treatment and do

Self-Supervision and Plan Free Essays

string(49) " and developing a more therapeutic relationship\." Clinical mental health counselors diagnose, treat, and test psychological disorders as well as support and teach clients skills needed for positive behavior changes. According to the 2012 American Mental Health Counselors Association’s (AMHCA) code of ethics â€Å"Mental health counselors believe in the dignity and worth of the individual. They are committed to increasing knowledge of human behavior and understanding of themselves and others. We will write a custom essay sample on Self-Supervision and Plan or any similar topic only for you Order Now They use their skills only for purposes consistent with these values and do not knowingly permit their misuse by others. While demanding for themselves freedom of inquiry and community, mental health counselors accept the responsibility this freedom confers: competence, objectivity in the application of skills, and concern for the best interest of clients, colleagues, and society in general†. They promote clients well-being on multiple levels by providing prevention services and treatments for a wide range of clients in diverse settings (Gladding Newsome, 2010). According to the AMHCA, â€Å"mental health counselors have a primary obligation to safeguard information about individuals obtained in the course of practice, teaching, or research. Personal information is communicated to others only with the person’s written consent or in those circumstances where there is clear and imminent danger to the client, to others or to society. Disclosure of counseling information is restricted to what is necessary, relevant and verifiable†. Another role of mental health counselors would be to actively learn and promote as well as be sensitive to the different cultural, ethnic, and diverse backgrounds of their clients. Continuous education, research, and self-awareness are the competent counselor’s key to effective, safe, diverse, accepting, and empowering counseling treatment and career. With the growing diversity of the U. S. population, counselors are increasingly called on to make their services more widely available in racially and ethnically diverse localities. Ethnic and racial disparities in mental health are driven by social factors such as housing, education, and income (Vasquez, 2007). According to Vasquez, providing services to specific populations and building a niche practice can help a counselor remain competitive, gain new experiences and clients, and become recognized as an expert in working with particular populations. â€Å"Developing awareness of cultural values — such as reliance on family support systems, collective decision making, spirituality and respect for peers — is paramount in reaching out to diverse populations. The ability to understand and respect a prospective client’s belief system is crucial† (Vasquez, 2007). Cultural factors such as counselors’ gender and office environment (like artwork and furniture arrangement) may have a bearing on the demand for as well as the delivery of services. Counselor education faculty often urge students to celebrate diversity, but the average student is not equipped with knowledge of the components of the RESPECTFUL Counseling Cube (D’Andrea Daniels, 2001). These include religion and spirituality (R), economic class background (E), sexual identity (S), psychological maturity (P), ethnic and racial identity (E), chronological stage (C), trauma (T), family background (F), unique physical characteristics (U), and geographical location (L). Assessing the differing views of the above domains by diverse clients will affect the counseling process and can be used as a guide to accommodate culturally diverse clients. It is time for the counseling profession not only to recognize multicultural and diversity issues, but to develop systematic and practical approaches for helping counselors address and adapt counseling practices with culturally diverse clients (LeBeauf, Smaby Maddux, 2009). According to the American Mental Health Counseling Association (AMHCA), Clinical Mental Health Counselors who deliver clinical services must comply with state statutes and regulations governing the practice of clinical mental health counseling and adhere to all state laws governing the practice of clinical mental health counseling. In addition, they must also abide by all administrative rules, ethical standards, and other requirements of state clinical mental health counseling or other regulatory boards (AMHCA, 2012). Mental health counselors promote clients well-being on multiple levels by providing prevention services and treatments for a wide range of clients in diverse settings (Gladding Newsome, 2010). The profession of mental health counseling is continuously changing and evolving. Some of those changes are pleasantly welcomed, while others are not so much. Mental health counselors must stay updated, educated, and involved in all aspects of the profession in order to best serve their clients. State and national policies on mental health counseling are there to protect everyone involved. State policies are designed to regulate the professional practice of mental health counseling. This regulation serves to protect the consumer by ensuring that their rights and dignity are not violated (Ford, 2006). Licensing and credentialing are essential to the profession of mental health counseling (Gladding Newsome, 2010). Counselors must have the competencies to not only keep up with the constant change in public policies but to fight for the rights of their clients as well. Mental health counselors must possess a strong desire to help others as well as the ability to inspire confidence, trust, and respect. Wellness and self-care activities are essential to a counselor’s well-being and professional longevity. Knowledge of human behavior, social systems, self-awareness, diversity, and respect for human dignity are all required qualifications of a mental health counselor. Self-awareness is one of the most important qualities and behaviors of an effective counselor because it is a way to explore their personalities, value systems, beliefs, natural inclinations, and tendencies. To become self-aware is to become familiar with one’s worldviews and is often the first step for many in becoming self-improved through personal goal setting. Self-awareness is also empowering and therefore brings the counselor a better understanding of themselves and their clients. Morrisette (2002) describes how self-awareness impacts the counselor’s identity by helping them understand a myriad of situations from many different perspectives. This understanding enables them to seek out solutions with multiple approaches, and to understand and evaluate the consequences and outcomes of those approaches. Self-awareness is a critical component to the development and success of a counselor because it the key to ethical decision making in counseling (Remley Herlihy, 2010). A counselor that is self-aware not only understands their clients but also empathizes with them which in turn helps in building trust and developing a more therapeutic relationship. You read "Self-Supervision and Plan" in category "Papers" Clinical mental Health Counselors help clients work through a wide range of personal issues from career changes to relationship problems, anger management, depression, self-image, stress, parenting, addiction, and suicidal thoughts. They have many different roles and responsibilities that it is almost impossible to identify them all, but most importantly they are obligated to develop and maintain a safe, trusting, and comfortable relationship for their clients at all times in order for the therapy to work. The mission of the American Counseling Association is to enhance the quality of life in society by promoting the development of professional counselors, advancing the counseling profession, and using the profession and practice of counseling to promote respect for human dignity and diversity (ACA, 2005). I believe that my past experiences, diverse cultural background, and education will play a major role in my success as a mental health counselor. They have equipped me with the necessary tools to be an effective counselor. My familial experiences taught me to appreciate, respect, and love others. My cultural background taught me to never judge a book by its cover and to accept others for whom they are. My educational background in Medicine taught me how the human body works, and especially how genetics plays a major role on the development of the individual. As a future mental health counselor I would like to help those that have gone through or shared similar experiences as I have. My families’ refuge experience taught me immensely and shaped me into the person that I am today. Some of those life lessons are but not limited to: perseverance, patience, self-efficacy, acculturation, love, forgiveness, cultural diversity, advocacy, and respect for one’s self and others. I view my past hardships and challenges as tools that will guide me to fulfill what may possibly be my calling in life which is to counsel, educate, and empower those that went through similar situations as my family and I did. I would like to work in a private practice as a family therapist, or a refugee counselor, even for an advocacy group that would allow me to utilize my knowledge in the subject areas of refugee counseling, cultural/ethnic diversity, and immigrant counseling. As a refugee counselor I would not only focus on immigrants’ time in the United States, but also on their reasons for leaving their homeland, their experience of migration, their resources to function in unfamiliar environments, and the receptiveness of the new country (both politically and socially) to their presence. My diverse background, education, and personal experience will allow me to understand and relate to my clients on a deeper level. Sue Sue (2003) state that in order to be a culturally competent professional, one must first be aware of his or her own values and biases and how they may affect minorities. I believe that my personal life lessons have equipped me with the necessary tools to become an effective and culturally competent mental health counselor. The aim of counseling supervision should be supervision of the counselors own self supervision. As Confucius said, â€Å"Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day; teach him to fish and you feed him for a hundred years† (O’Hanlon Wilk, 1987, p. 264). One of the most important qualities that I learned as a result of my family’s migratory experience would be that of self-confidence and self-efficacy. Fostering students’ confidence in their abilities to effectively work with the clients they intend to serve has been a longstanding goal of most counselor education programs (Bernard Goodyear, 2004; Hensley, Smith, Thompson, 2003). In general, those counselors who are more confident in their ability to use their clinical skills in real life settings often provide a higher quality of counseling services to the clients they serve (Barnes, 2004; Bradley Fiorini, 1999). One of the major approaches often used when investigating the process of gaining competence and self-confidence in particular domains of behavior has been self-efficacy theory (Bandura, 1989). Also called perceived ability, self-efficacy refers to the confidence people have in their abilities to successfully perform a particular task (Bandura, 1986). Counseling self-efficacy (CSE), according to Larson (1998), is best described as the beliefs or judgments an individual has about his or her capability to effectively counsel a client in the near future. It is an important factor related to the level of anxiety novice counselors experience as well as the amount of effort they put forth to learn advanced counseling behaviors (Larson, 1998). As a result, some counselor educators and researchers have suggested that increasing counseling trainees’ self-efficacy is a worthwhile training goal (Larson, 1998) and that examinations of this construct should be included in both the research and evaluation of counselor competency and training effectiveness (Yuen, Chan, Lau, Lam, Shek, 2004). Koob (1998) stated that â€Å"Therapist burnout and career changes, even after several years of being a therapist, can be traced back to ineffective supervision and that traditional models of supervision have been ineffective in promoting positive perceived self-efficacy in therapists in training. Therefore, the lack of self-efficacy greatly impacts the counselor’s effectiveness and competence levels. A supervision model that builds confidence and self-efficacy is needed for counselor success and career longevity. Such supervisory model would be the solution-focused which â€Å"emphasizes competence, strengths, and possibilities rather than deficits, weaknesses, and limitations† (Morrissette, 2002). Solution-focused supervision, in parallel with therapeutic practice, is about collaborating in a partnership  which pays attention to, and develops, the supervisee’s interests, best intentions, and goals for their work (De Shazer, 1988). Solution-focused supervision focuses on abilities, learning, and strengths that the therapist already has. It also allows the therapist to acknowledge what services work best with their clients such as their skills, abilities, and creative ideas. Another area of strength would be developing the supervisee’s preferred future or outcome and collaborating with the counselors and the clients regarding their work together where they focus on the goals and the solutions versus the problem. It also allows the counselors to take a ‘not-knowing’ position as well as uses scales to measure and develop progress while offering appropriate, evidenced compliments respectfully. On the other hand, solution-focused supervision requires the problem or challenge to be clearly identified in order for it to be successful; must present a problem in order to seek resolution. Identifying the problem sometimes may present challenges to the counselor‘s self-supervision model. This type of model allows the supervisees to evaluate themselves and identify and improve their own strengths and weaknesses which promote positive behavioral changes. Helping a refuge family of four adapt to their new surroundings is an example of solution focused supervision; guiding them through their acculturation process, where becoming competent of the family’s cultural beliefs, backgrounds, and worldviews through community resources and support groups. The counselor can research and educate themselves about all aspects of the client’s culture giving the counselor self-confidence to conduct effective counseling sessions. The Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP) defines counselor supervision as: A form of instruction where by a supervisor monitors and evaluates an internship or practicum student’s performance and quality of service provided, facilitating associated learning and skill development experiences (CACREP, 2009). According to the American Psychological Association, supervision covers a vast and diverse collection of responsibilities, including but not limited to: monitoring, evaluating, instructing, advising, modeling, consulting, supporting, foster autonomy within the supervisee and a responsibility to the patient, profession, system and society. Supervision also addresses legal and ethical issues that may arise, thus further emphasizing the importance of effective training within the mental health profession (www. apa. org). It is necessary to improve client care, develop the professionalism of clinical personnel, and impart and maintain ethical standards in the field. The quality and focus of supervision may have a direct impact on counselor development, service delivery, and, most important, client care; and therefore should not be taken lightly. Supervision is a key component of counselor growth and ongoing development (Campbell, 2006) and impacts counselors’ attitudes, clinical style, and practice (Allen, Szollos, Williams, 1986; Magnuson, Norem Wilcoxon, 2002). The type of supervision can vary depending on various aspects such as the supervisee’s place of internship and work environment, client population, financial resource, and diversity of clients. What appeals to some supervisees may not appeal to others? Some may not feel comfortable using the solutions focused supervision model as much as I do. This model stresses growth through increasing one’s self efficacy and boosting self-confidence which are vital aspects for me as a future mental health counselor that aspires to work with immigrant and refugee youth self-efficacy is. Supervision of counselors has been described as an on-going, essential, mutually advantageous, and impossible task (Borders Brown, 2005; Bernard Goodyear, 2004; Zinkin, 1989). Counselor supervision has undergone a variety of transformations since its emergence, however, the main goal of supervision remained the same which is to help guide counselors provide a better service to their clients which promotes growth and positive way of living. How to cite Self-Supervision and Plan, Papers

Marketing and Management for Biotech Company- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theMarketing and Management for Biotech Company Calimmune. Answer: Introduction The report presents a brief overview of the CSL Company and it explains the mission, vision, and values of the organization. It explains the planning process and value chain strategies to gain the good position in the market. It describes that how the firm is maintaining sustainable human resource department within the organization. Further, it tells that how the leaders are influencing employees at the workplace to do work effectively. It also explains the future strategies and plans of the firm to gain long-term success and growth in near future. It also explains the significance of human resource management and leadership to ensure the efficiency and productivity of the subordinates within the organization. CSL is the global biotechnology company which deals in various biotechnology products in the market. Mainly, the firm develops, produces and researches the various biotechnology products that may help people to reduce various serious diseases. The company is growing and flourishing its business day by day. The company is dealing in various products include blood plasma derivatives, vaccines, antivenom, cell culture and other medical and laboratory products. CSL is incorporated on 1916 and its headquarter is located in Melbourne, Victoria. The company is distributing its products worldwide. In this way, the company is increasing its revenue and profit (Witcomb, 2015). Background The company was founded in 1916 as commonwealth serum laboratories (CSL). Mr. Paul. Perrault is the CEO of the company. All the business operations and activities are managed and controlled by the CEO of the firm. After the various researchers, it has been analyzed that CSL is providing good quality of products to the customers with maintaining sustainability in the organization. Along with this, the organization is also focusing and monitoring on the environmental benefits by restoring natural resources, oil and water at a lower cost. There are various environmental elements which affect the growth and success of the company across the world. After various researchers, it has been evaluated that the company was part of the government since its earlier days. Therefore, CSL needs to follow various rules and regulations in the manufacturing and administration process. There are various legal factors, political and economic factors also exist in the environment that affect the business activities and operation of the firm. It seems that the company provides economic products to the people across the world. Further, social and technological factors affect the progress and development of the company in the world. Apart from CSL, Grifols and Baxter are a most important organization that holds the market share in Australia across the world. CSL is an innovative universal company which is dealing in innovative biotechnology products around the world (Collu et al, 2012). Planning and strategy Planning is an essential part of the CSL which plays a vital role in order to meet the long-term goals and objectives of the company across the world. Further, the firm is using various effective and unique strategies and policies to increase the revenue and profits of the company in the global market. The organization is adopting effective rules, code of conducts and values in the business activities and operations to gain the various advantages in the world. In addition, the company looks after about the patients safety and health by providing good quality of biotechnology products to its customers. The vision and core values of the company have been discussed below (Khromava et al, 2012). Patient focus: The Company promises to deliver good quality of products to the customers across the world. It develops various therapies which provide various benefits to the patients. It protects the health of the people. In this way, the company is trying to improve the quality of life of the people around the people. Integrity: The Company is always trying to do the right things for its patients, employees, shareholders, and communities. Further, the company is maintaining honesty, ethics, and transparency within the organization. It follows high standards, sustainability and best practices across the world (Gilding and Pickering, 2011). Innovation: The firm invests a huge amount to develop innovative and powerful technologies across the world. In this way, the company is able to provide good quality of products to its customers around the world. Innovative ideas also help to improve the decision making process, procedures, and system of the firm (Krtke, 2014). Collaboration: CSL maintains coordination and collaboration among the employees for providing biotechnology products to the customers in the global market. The employees are work together to meet the similar goals and objectives of the firm (Choi and Yu, 2014). Superior performance: The main aim of the CSL is to achieve the superior results in the organization. The employees, as well as managers, are giving the best performance in the company to encourage the values and standards of the firm in the global market (CSL, 2017). Further, CSL is providing various biotechnology products and services in order to meet the mission and vision of the company by utilizing the natural resources of the organization. In this way, the company is maintaining sustainability in the market across the world. In addition, CSL is using effective and unique strategies in the production process. The company uses eco-friendly packaging strategy to fulfill the requirements and expectations of the environment as well as the community. Apart from these strategies, the company uses various plans and policies to gain the success and growth in the market. It uses the holistic planning approach to determine the progress of the firm. In addition, CSL is producing innovative products to gain the long-term benefits in the market (Gilding and Pickering, 2011). The firm focuses on the health and safety of the patients and it serves the society by providing various types of biotechnology products in the market. Further, it has been noticed th at the customers buy the products of CSL when they suffer from serious disease and illness. The firm is producing the good quality of products to attract more customers across the world. In addition, the holistic innovative plans have been created by the company to provide innovative and good quality of products to its customers around the world. The organization is implementing effective values and standards to maximize the sales of the company. Therefore, entire activities and actions are implemented in management and operation process of the organization in order build and maintain sustainable progress across the world. Further, the company is using effective and excellent marketing strategies to overcome on its competitors in the global market. Now it can be said that planning process plays a vital and significant role to enhance and increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the organization (Tseng, Lim and Wong, 2015). Human resource management Human resource management is the important part of every organization to flourish and expand its business globally. None of the organization can survive its business without HRM. The company requires efficient and dedicated team members to run the business activities smoothly in the market. Thus, CSL also maintains a sustainable human resource management to attain the mission and vision of the firm. The company recruits potential and efficient employees to resolve the various health-related problems of the patients around the world. To run the business activities globally, the company appoints skilled and qualified employees who are fit for the company. Further, various training and career development programs are conducted by the company to improve the quality and efficiency of the employees (Aggarwal, 2014). Human resource management checks and evaluates that whether the employee is fit for the work or not, whether they are giving proper information about the products or not. In this way, HR manager evaluates the performance of the employees. CSL believes to find a right and suitable candidate to do the job effectively and efficiently. The employees should take care to the organizational image and job profile in the firm. Wage and pay scheme affect the business activities and operations adversely. Therefore, the employees should receive appropriate pay from the organization. It will also help to achieve long-term goals and objectives and it will motivate the workers to improve the satisfaction level of the customers in the country. In addition, CSL is using effective communication system at the workplace to increase the productivity of the employees. The top management is liable to maintain proper communication within the organization. It will also help to provide job satisfaction and mo rale to the employees. Now it is assumed that HRM plays a crucial role in every organization in order to attain the various goals and objectives of the company. HRM is the primary and foremost part of the CSL limited company (Burns, 2012). Leadership It is the process to manage and influence other people for doing work effectively. Through leadership, the company is able to manage sustainable practices and policies within the organization. The company initiates the plans and activities are a very effective manner to inspire and motivate the other people and competitors in the global market across the world. The effective and unique leadership provides right direction to the organization which ensures the progress and development of the organization (Clarke et al, 2012). Through leadership, managers and top management can motivate and encourage employees to do work effectively and efficiently. Leaders use effective leadership styles in order to assist the employees within the organization. There are various leadership styles which include autocratic style, democratic style, strategic leadership style, transformational style, Team leadership, laizzez fair leadership style etc. CSL Company follows democratic leadership style. It is also known as the shared leadership style and participative leadership style. Through democratic leadership style, the managers give advice and suggestion to the employees in order to take an important decision in the company. It involves all the employees of the organization. All the employees maintain trust, faith and believe at the workplace in order to gain the long-term objectives and goals within the organization. It also improves the goodwill of the company and it helps to maintain good relations with the employees. Leadership is the important part of the organization to motivate and encourage subordinates to perform the task effectively and efficiently (Grne, Lockemann, Kluy and Meinhardt, 2013). Controlling the value chain and technology Innovative technologies and value chain play a vital role in every organization in order to gain long-term success and growth. Thus, the company should adopt effective value chain process to ensure the proper supply of the products in the market. The company is dealing in biotechnology products so it should supply the products on regular basis in the market. They should resolve the problems which can arise in the organization with people. The company needs to update the value chain process on regular basis in order to improve and enhance the quality of products and services in the market across the world. Further, technology also plays a significant role in CSL Company (Michelino, Lamberti, Cammarano and Caputo, 2015). The company is using latest and innovative technologies to provide various growth opportunities to people in the market. The organization uses effective and unique technologies in various types of therapies to fulfill the requirements and needs of the patients. CSL can take various benefits by controlling the value chain process in the market. It provides cost benefits by reducing and controlling the cost of individuals and value chain activities and by reconfiguring the value chain process. In addition, various latest and innovative technologies are used by the company in value chain process to gain the competitive advantages in the market across the world. Now it is assumed that value chain process and technology are interrelated with each other. The company is maintaining sustainability by controlling on value chain process and by using new technology in the market (White, Lim and Lee, 2012). Future strategies and recommendations CSL is focusing on the following strategies to maintain sustainability in the environment that have been discussed below (Strand, 2014). Pricing strategy: The Company focuses on the pricing strategy to fulfill the long-term goals and objectives of the firm. It provides a wide range of biotechnology products at reasonable prices. It focuses on the market as well as competitors products prices to overcome on the competitors in the market. Sometimes, it also offers products at a discount to attract more customers in the market. In this way, this strategy helps to increase the demand for the products in the market across the world. By using pricing strategy, the company can beat the competitors in the market (Kumru et al, 2014). Product strategy: CSL is providing a variety of biotechnology products to the customers to save the lives of the people in the world. The main of the company behind the product strategy is to reduce the illness and diseases of the people by supplying various types of biotechnology products to the customers. The biotechnology products include Antivenoms, vaccines, plasma therapies and other diagnostic products and services. The company is trying to produce more new and innovative biotechnology products in the market (Manivasagan, Venkatesan, Sivakumar, and Kim, 2013). Promotional strategy: The promotional strategy is an important strategy to expand the company business worldwide. The company should adopt effective and unique promotional strategy to overcome on the competitors in the market. Through promotional and advertisement strategies, the company can attract more customers in the global market. It helps to maintain the goodwill of the company across the world (Luning et al, 2011). Now it is recommended that the company should focus on the various marketing strategies to increase the sales and revenue of the company. Various advertisement and promotional strategies must be initiated and used by the company to encourage and increase the revenue and profits of the firm. Further, it should monitor and evaluate the labeling and packaging of the biotechnology products and services. CSL should not use the harmful drugs and medicines. The firm should use natural resources in the manufacturing process. In addition, it should diversify its products across the world to attract more customers in the market. The organization must encourage employees to do work effectively and efficiently. Along with this, it must analyze and measure the competitors plans, policies and strategies to gain various competitors benefits in the market (Gilding and Pickering, 2011). Conclusion On the above discussion, it has been concluded that CSL is a biotechnology company which is offering various biotechnology products in the market. The company is using natural resources to produce the various types of biotechnology products in the market. Further, the CSL is maintaining sustainability at the workplace. The company uses various strategies to improve the growth and success of the firm in the market. The organization provides motivation to the employees by maintaining sustainable human resource management. Apart from this, the company uses effective and unique leadership styles to advise and guide to the subordinates in a better manner. In this way, the company is expanding and flourishing its business activities and operation in the global market across the world. Further, it is also controlling value chain process and using effective and innovative technologies within the organization. References Aggarwal, S.R., 2014. What's fueling the biotech engine [mdash] 2012 to 2013.Nature biotechnology,32(1), pp.32-39. Burns, L.R. ed., 2012.The business of healthcare innovation. Cambridge University Press. Choi, Y. and Yu, Y., 2014. The influence of perceived corporate sustainability practices on employees and organizational performance. Sustainability, 6(1), pp.348-364. Clarke, T., Nielsen, B.B., Nielsen, S., Klettner, A.L. and Boersma, M., 2012.Australian Census of Women in Leadership. Australian Government EOWA. Collu, G.M., Hidalgo-Sastre, A., Acar, A., Bayston, L., Gildea, C., Leverentz, M.K., Mills, C.G., Owens, T.W., Meurette, O., Dorey, K. and Brennan, K., 2012. Dishevelled limits Notch signalling through inhibition of CSL.Development,139(23), pp.4405-4415. CSL, 2017, CSL Behring Acquires Biotech Company Calimmune and its Proprietary Stem Cell Gene Therapy Platform, retrieved from https://www.csl.com.au/investors/CSL-Behring-Acquires-Biotech-Company-Calimmune-and-its-Proprietary-Stem-Cell-Gene-Therapy-Platform. Gilding, M. and Pickering, J., 2011. May Contain Traces of Biotech:(Re) defining the Biotechnology Field in Australia. InProceedings of Australian Sociological Association Conference(p. 1). Gilding, M. and Pickering, J., 2011. May Contain Traces of Biotech:(Re) defining the Biotechnology Field in Australia. InProceedings of Australian Sociological Association Conference(p. 1). Gilding, M. and Pickering, J., 2011. May Contain Traces of Biotech:(Re) defining the Biotechnology Field in Australia. InProceedings of Australian Sociological Association Conference(p. 1). 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A concurrent diagnosis of microbiological food safety output and food safety management system performance: cases from meat processing industries.Food Control,22(3), pp.555-565. Manivasagan, P., Venkatesan, J., Sivakumar, K. and Kim, S.K., 2013. Marine actinobacterial metabolites: current status and future perspectives.Microbiol Res,168(6), pp.311-332. Michelino, F., Lamberti, E., Cammarano, A. and Caputo, M., 2015. Measuring open innovation in the Bio?Pharmaceutical industry.Creativity and Innovation Management,24(1), pp.4-28. Strand, R., 2014. Strategic leadership of corporate sustainability. Journal of Business Ethics, 123(4), pp.687-706. Tseng, M., Lim, M. and Wong, W.P., 2015. Sustainable supply chain management: A closed-loop network hierarchical approach. Industrial Management Data Systems, 115(3), pp.436-461. White, G., Lim, S. and Lee, A., 2012. Intellectual Capital Disclosure Quality Changes in the Biotechnology Industry, 2003-10. InEuropean Accounting Review. 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Caribbean Governance the Impact of the Global Economic Crisis Essay Example

Caribbean Governance the Impact of the Global Economic Crisis Essay ABSTRACT: The importance of an efficient and effective Caribbean in the delivery of economic and social development is a long-standing theme of development policy. This however has not always been the case and the result is a Caribbean repeating past mistakes and compromising in some cases the theme of the development strategy. Global recession has consistently tested the resolve of the Caribbean and to this end there is a need to address the factors that have consistently led to the economic decline of the island states. This paper examines the recent experience of the Commonwealth Caribbean in dealing with the current Global economic crisis with a particular focus on Jamaica, Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago. It begins by examining the signs and the effect on each island. The paper then identifies five key issues that have emerged as factors contributing to and needing the attention of the heads in order to ameliorate against an occurrence in the future: regionalism, integration, transparency and governance are examined as being overarching themes the fundamental problems are dealt with individually within the essay. In each case the background to its contribution to the problem is given along with the solution to the problem. A history examining the recession as a new phenomenon and by extention unprecedented is assessed. The paper concludes by discussing one key dimension of the global economic crisis experience: globalisation and the importance of politics in promoting and sustaining a successful relationship with the rest of the world. The final section sums up the main points. We will write a custom essay sample on Caribbean Governance the Impact of the Global Economic Crisis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Caribbean Governance the Impact of the Global Economic Crisis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Caribbean Governance the Impact of the Global Economic Crisis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author (Jepter Lorde) and do not necessarily reflect the views of The University of the West Indies Cave Hill Campus or its Board of Directors and/or Board of Governors. It is a fact that the world economy is facing the worst financial crisis since the great depression. It can be argued the crisis is taking place at a time when Caribbean countries are grappling with over arching themes of structural adjustment, transparency and governance as well as globalisation, integration and regionalism issues indicating a Caribbean challenged. It is clear that these reoccurring themes are a reflection of the global economic situation and can threaten to reverse the few gains made by the region in recent years. The general consensus therefore is that the near unprecedented period of national recession currently being experienced in English and non English speaking Caribbean islands should be confronted with bold, swift and concerted actions to reduce the potential negative effects of the crisis on these developing states. ECLAC or The Economic Commission for Latin America and Caribbean clearly articulates five main channels of impact or signs that can serve as lead indicators to the crisis they are financial contagion, excessive external borrowing, and reduction in foreign direct investment, external demand reduction of goods and services, reduced workers’ remittances as well as changes in relative prices (particularly commodity prices). It is the position of this essay that the present situation is not unprecedented, this essay will seek to clearly identify the signs of the crisis and the corollary effects, as previously articulated by ECLAC, while at the same time outlining the factors that account for the exposure of the national state to this current state of affairs. Attention will be paid to three Caribbean islands where the issues are current and dynamic; they are Jamaica, Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago. In order to clearly identify the signs of the crisis it would be intuitive at this time to contextualise the framework within which the essay is structured; the contributing key terms are global recession, crisis and unprecedented. Global recession is widely accepted and can only be confirmed if GDP (Gross Domestic Product) growth is negative for a period of two or more consecutive quarters, by extention a national recession can be defined using the same parameters and be the recipient of a knock on effect attributed to the Global situation (Willis Peterson 2002). A crisis is an end product, manifesting itself after showing signs the organs central to the operation of a system begin functioning erratically; in extreme cases they stop functioning entirely. The result, if the system is to be salvaged, is a slow and painful adjustment. (Barry Eichengreen 2002). External borrowing and the payment of interest rates is not new to the Caribbean and is described by Norman Girvan as being responsible for the single largest movement of money out of the region towards satisfying the myopic, parasitic appetite of an elite imperialist class. This movement has contributed to the perpetual cycle of poverty, dependency and the corollary criminality due to high debt servicing arrangements and the inability of Governments to invest in the social and welfare development of its people, Jamaica therefore is no stranger to this. The lack of good Governance however has lead to a further exacerbation of the condition. In examining good governance and the effect of external borrowing two items of note, the JLP win in 1981 coincided with the election of Ronald Reagan and the Neo-Liberal approach to global economic relations, an ideology the Edward Seaga administration was sympathetic to, the approach signalled not only a change in economic policy direction but also renewed contact between the government of Jamaica and the IMF (Davies 1996). Having articulated a new policy direction the expectation therefore would be a turnaround in the fortunes of the Jamaican economy-this was not to be. The record showed a slowdown in key production sectors of bauxite, agriculture and textiles – to put it bluntly the country was in a worst position than was the case with the former PNP administration after having received more than preferential terms under the JLP administration. One aspect of the relationship was clear; it could not continue (Davies 1996). Clive Thomas offers some insight to the situation, he makes an observation concerning the class relations in the Caribbean but the analysis in the Poor and the Powerless is collectively intuitive, salient and reflective of the relations taking place: â€Å"A fourth observation is that the petty bourgeoisie that presently controls state power is not a homogeneous group, but includes several fractions professionals, political administrative, state-economic, and private and although fractional conflict exists generally, in the absence of an entrenched ruling class, its self-interest leads it to develop closer relations with national private capital. Because of these considerations the state takes on the characteristic of being a state for itself, and in the absence of bourgeois democratic constitutional restraints, it can proceed rapidly to the institutionalization of all forms of corruption. This, we believe, is the central explanatory factor behind the rise of corruption, and the pattern which it has taken in the region, i. e. , it constitutes a means of facilitating the consolidation of an economic base and the enlargement of property held by this class. † The socioeconomic fallout from the association with the International Monetary Fund has stymied the development of the island and as undermined the limited gains made in the post independence era, is the current situation facing Jamaica unprecedented the answer is simply no. The year is 2009 and the incestuous relationship between aspects of the governing elite and unsavoury elements of the society has not so subtly festered to the surface. The JLP is once again in office and scandal of epic proportions has gripped the party with the arrest of Christopher ‘Dudus’ Coke, drug lord, reputed strongman and ‘don’ to the JLP. Horace Campbell Professor of African American and Political studies at Syracuse University had this to say: â€Å"The arrest of Christopher ‘Dudus’ Coke in Kingston has reopened the issues of the use of thugs and gunmen to intimidate the poor in Caribbean. From Mexico to Guyana and from Brazil to Trinidad, gunmen and criminal elements integrated into the cocaine, guns, politics and banking business terrorise the poor and ensure that international capitalism thrives on the backs and bodies of the most oppressed. Dudus had inherited a criminal infrastructure from his father (also known as Jim Brown) that had been organised by politicians to coerce and intimidate the working poor. † The phenomenon of Garrison politics has been around since the 1970 in Jamaica, no doubt having the blessing of the political elite; it has however bought into sharp focus the inability of a Government to govern and to tackle the pressure of a Global and National recession in the face of excessive external borrowing and the filtering of Government funds to support an underworld dominated by gangsters and social parasites. Thirty years later Christopher Coke operates a state within a state funded by Government largesse, patron Clientilism and the sale of illegal drugs. It takes the action of a grand jury in the USA and pressure to be brought to bear on Jamaica’s political elite to expose the attempts made by Prime Minister Bruce Golding to prevent the extradition and his relationship with the Jamaican ‘Don’ by contracting the services of Manatt, Phelps and Phillips to lobby the US Government to discontinue extradition proceedings against ‘Dudus’. While grappling with this the country has found itself in the hands of the IMF to restructure the economy-a familiar refrain. Some seventy three died and prior to this latest embarrassment to the Caribbean hundreds if not thousands dispersed in 1980 in an attempt to settle differences between international capital, the local elite and the lumpenproletariat. Given the present state of affairs it would appear that many more will die but what is more alarming is their lack of knowledge of that fact. The Caribbean and its association to the metropole can be traced back to about five hundred years, from the inception the colonial states were established only to serve the hegemonic and self serving ambitions of a ruling class far removed from the economic deprivation visited upon the inhabitants of the Caribbean. The relationship was brutal and coercive and structured to extract the maximum by way of output while at the same time perpetuating and maintaining constant dependence on the metropole (Eric Williams 1970). Barbados, given its geographic location at the time, had become a victim of the economic structure and showed signs of this during the early stages of the national recession from 1991-1994. The country suffered reduction of foreign direct investment and external demand reduction for goods and services, led by the then DLP administration under the leadership of then Prime Minister Lloyd Erskine Sandiford. This structured economic isolation has its genesis not within the context of a dynamic global economic arena in which Barbados is a contributing player but from a system, long established by the former colonial masters, of Plantation Economy which posits that plantation slavery and specialization in export of primary commodities, in this instance Tourism, has marked the evolution of the societies in which it existed. The plantation economy theorist Lloyd Best explains, â€Å"The legacy of institutions, structures and behaviour patterns of the plantation system are so deeply entrenched that adjustment tends to take place as an adaptation within the bounds of the established framework† (Best 1968, p. 32). The Caribbean economist Norman Girvan contends that the transnational corporation (TNC) is an institution that exists within the â€Å"rules of the game† of the plantation economy. He points out that the historic continuity of foreign ownership, terminal stage of production, limited domestic linkages, repatriation of profits, and persistence of the incalculability of value flows with transfer pricing by TNCs are similar to slave plantation–metropole flows. The tourism product in Barbados resembles exactly the description advanced by Girvan. Undiversified for almost fifty years it depends solely on the England, USA and to a lesser extent Canada for annual tourist arrivals. Major players Hilton, Marriott, Sandy Lane and Four Seasons with the all inclusive package leave most if not all of the spend in the country of origin. Specialist areas within the culinary arts are held by foreign professionals with limited or no transferable skills to local workers. The results are unapologetic; with the fall in investment capital demand as a consequence shifts inward due to the exogenous shock resulting in reduced output in consumption and government spending. With this shortfall in potential output as opposed to actual output unemployment is the result with all of the social ill associated with it. Unprecedented therefore cannot describe the present occurrence because Barbados has experienced it before. The year is 2008 and the Barbados government led once again by the DLP administration has found itself in the unenviable position of managing an economy with reduced output, falling external demand for the mono crop tourism, increase in unemployment and marked increases in criminality as well as reduction in foreign direct investment. This situation has been highlighted by the inability of the country to restart the famed Four Seasons project; it is not difficult to understand the dynamics between International finance capital and local investment. With the impact of the world economic crisis tightening its grip flight of capital was seen as an understood result. The sector depends heavily on the foreign visitor who has stopped travelling, with reduced spend the sector is not seen as attractive by way of investment. The result is a contraction of the industry and the flight of the funds to the metropole of origin the past has once again repeated itself. It is no doubt therefore that civil assignments such as the Four Seasons project valued currently at US five hundred million has been on hold for two years, Merricks Beach Resort and Residence development project unable to secure the funding but also valued at some five hundred million US dollars and the long overdue Bridgetown to Hilton development project are all victims of the dependence on International finance capital and foreign direct investment. These projects are substantial and impact directly on the tourism sector the chief pillar of economic growth to the island. â€Å"It’s outrageous and insane, those crazy prices in Port of Spain†¦. It’s sad, and getting so bad, Oh Lord, capitalism gone mad. This was the cry of the Mighty Sparrow former Calypso King of Trinidad and Tobago in 1983. Prices were described as among the highest in the Caribbean. The latest style from the United States catches on with the unspoken assumption the rest of the Caribbean is be hind the times (Barry et al 1984). An editorial in an Antiguan paper sums up Trinidad at the time: â€Å"Port of Spain is a hustlers paradise, a fair ground with pirates at large, music booming, New York trinkets on the side walk, everybody on a hustle†¦Our diseased and destitute sprawled on the roadsides, our mad directing traffic or otherwise engaging with their demons and quoting the song ‘Capitalism gone mad. † Certainly not the paradise the Caribbean is known for however this clearly shows a Trinidad embracing the negative aspects of both a developed and underdeveloped world. A number of social ills to consider: increased criminality, alienation, decadence and as previously mentioned consumerism of the industrial metropole alongside perpetual poverty, social decay, economic dependence and foreign domination. This essentially summed up what Trinidad had become in the wake of a slump of global oil prices that had once catapulted the island ahead of its regional counterparts (Barry et al 1994). Trinidad had adopted a laid back approach to ownership only seeking tax dollars and production sharing contracts as the basis of relations with the TNC instead of direct ownership of the non renewable. Barry, Wood and Preusch describe the results: â€Å"The in rush of foreign exchange, as a result of petrodollars, into the economy has been largely wasted on lavish import bills rather than transformation of the economy. â€Å"There is no morality left,† wrote one Caribbean commentator. â€Å"It is now a free for all. The paramount value today is money. † The economic expansion ended as prices and demand for oil in global markets retreated. In1982, for the first time in eight years, the country suffered a trade deficit which totaled some two hundred million dollars. Put bluntly by the then Prime Minister George Chambers in the 1983 budget report, â€Å"The fete is over. The reality of a situation having its genesis in the global arena but with contributing factors locally saw the economy and most importantly people of Trinidad suffering then as they do now. The contributing factors are that of transparency and good governance on the part of the then Eric Williams admi nistration and an ethnic and class divide that is the result of the imposition of colonial domination has sought to divide and separate the groups (Harewood and Henry 1988, 1989). Once again another island state and once again precedence is set. The year is 2008 many in the Caribbean depend on the charity of friends and families to supplement incomes as well as to serve as a depository for the hard earned foreign currency. Trinidad and Tobago is no different; two major dynamics are being played out the first is the challenge for developing countries to create economic opportunities for trained nationals and second the marginalization of the said countries as a result of globalisation. The result has seen aging economies such as Canada and Europe attracting younger skilled labor from the Caribbean. For these reasons, it is certain that the phenomenon, that is remittances, will be with us for a long time. In Trinidad for example, these remittances have impacted the economy as they represent, although undocumented at some levels, a proportion of foreign exchange earnings, contributing to an improvement of the standard of living of many Trinidadians and Tobagonians, provide finance for balance of payments support, and aided economic growth and development of the economy (Solas 2001). The Inter American Development Bank has lauded the efforts of the Caribbean in this area, it is in fact one of the instances where the thrift of Caribbean people is put to sound economic use. The analysis does not end there, Solas goes on to make three telling summary observations: The profile of a typical recipient in the State mentioned, is lower to lower-middle income or unemployed persons, the frequency of the remittance also speaks to the vital role it plays. For many households, the remittance is the means by which the basic necessities are met and finally income from offshore investments and migrant capital repatriation are typically handled within the formal banking system which consist of finance and insurance services. If for any reason this process is disrupted for any length of time it could therefore have debilitating consequences for the sender, recipient and the economy. With the advent of CL Financial and a viral form of finance capital establishing itself throughout the Caribbean this option of investment has found favour with local as well as foreign Trinidadians hoping to create wealth within the Caribbean by way of remittances, in 2008 hopes of maintaining that discipline were dashed as CL Financial as well as subsidiaries CLICO and BAICO all declared some level of financial distress of varying proportions and the financial contagion once localized to the United States had arrived in the Caribbean. Norman Girvan Professor Emeritus University of the West Indies gives an analysis: â€Å"What we need to think about is the meaning of the facts that have been disclosed in the statement. What these facts tell us about the state of corporate governance in what was one of Caricom’s largest conglomerates and ‘star performers’ in engaging with globalisation. What they tell us about the gaps in regulation and supervision of financial institutions in individual country jurisdictions, and across Caricom as a whole. And what they tell us about the costs of these defects—in corporate governance and in government regulationto governments and to taxpayers. Trinidad has once again found itself in an undefined position and unable to act with the decisive and determined forcefulness needed to bring to heal the pervasive rot that has encircled the Caribbean, this time from within and compromising at the micro level the immediate well being of its citizens. On examining t he issues class relations must be of importance as this once again has shown itself resilient and poignant with respect to an explanation of the results direction taken by the present administration led by Prime Minister Kamla Persad Bissessar as opposed the decision taken by the then PNM led by Patrick Manning. Initially the PNM seen as a party representing the interest of the black community positioned a 100% payback on all monies deposited, this is however not the case with the present coalition UNC identified with the ethnic Indian population. The entire picture is very confused, which seems to be deliberate. The two investments made in this situation – firstly, the basic and traditional insurance products such as pensions; life, health and general insurance and secondly, the depositor who was seeking high returns. The pension products offered a 12% rate of return, but the short-term depositors were much higher. The current discussion and argument is actually about the repayment of the depositors, not the traditional insurance policyholders. The fate of the policyholders is often invoked by depositors arguing for the return of their own deposits and that is why the separation between the two, which Winston Dookeran Minister of Finance makes, is so important. To quote â€Å"†¦The number of traditional, long term policyholders affected by this crisis, covering pensions, life and health insurance, is around 225,000 persons and accounts for $6 billion in liabilities†¦Ã¢â‚¬  That is an average of $26,666 per policyholder. Again – â€Å"†¦There are approximately 25,000 customers holding these short term contracts, and the liability to this group is in the region of $12 billion†¦Ã¢â‚¬  That is an average of $480,000 per depositor. It is observed however, the voice of the traditional policyholders, who outnumber the depositors nine-to-one, is silent. But then again, it is clear that by far the greater liability lies with the depositors and further, that they appear, on average at least, to be owed about 18 times more than the typical policyholder. The question must be asked who composes the ordinary shareholder and the answer is intuitive it would be the black working class of Trinidad and Tobago who by assessment by Harewood and Henry dominate the class of citizen in Trinidad unable to own the factors of production, have available to them large tracts of cash and therefore could not invest in dubious short term annuities as depositors. Trinidadians who did not invest are faced with the idea of taxpayers’ funds being used to rescue those who placed bets on high-return deposits it by extention will not end there because if the financial sector is seen as dubious and questionable in its operation then small incremental investors will find alternatives thus impacting the industry overall and GDP. CL Financial chiefs and the depositors are being spared the consequences of their decisions by the bailout process. Afra Raymond concludes by making some telling points of identifying those groups as being differently treated from each other. â€Å"Duprey and his cohorts negotiated a Blank-Cheque Bailout at zero interest, without losing any of their assets. That deal is absolutely unique. Our taxpayers have effectively made a huge single loan (probably the largest in the Region’s history) to the wealthiest individual in the Region at Zero interest virtually every relevant professional body and Civic Society organisation has remained silent on this bold-faced attack on our Treasury. Nothing from the Accountants, Lawyers, Bankers, Economists, Trade Unionists or Religious bodies the one recent exception to this has been the call by the Trinidad Tobago Transparency Institute (TTTI) for investigations into the Angostura disaster. The CL Financial bailout has been cloaked in the robes of benevolence and stability, resulting in a situation which has minimized the floods of lawsuits which would have been confronting some of those responsible parties – Auditors, Attorneys, Company Directors and Officers In reality, the common-wealth of our entire society has been pledged to rescue a fortunate few. The CL Financial bailout is in urgent need of re-negotiation, to say the least, it wrong like a biscuit. † It is a refrain that has haunted the island state for many years and each ime the mistakes of the past are repeated the results are more debilitating, it is therefore necessary for the Caribbean to reassess the position and to chart a new way forward. It wil l be intuitive to examine what was done wrong and implement what can be done right. It is by no means an easy undertaking addressing the problems of the Caribbean these problems are complex and entrenched in the colonial relationship of the past, it is believed however that if the attempt is genuinely made by leaders in the region to engage five key areas of interest the effects of the present global recession and any future business cycle fluctuation can be managed and at the same time reducing the impact on the socially vulnerable groups. CARICOM can be described as the world’s second deepest regional integration scheme and as such set the framework for further structural development with the signing of the revised treaty of Chaguaramas creating the Caribbean Single Market and Economy (CSME). Its mandate sets out the free movement of goods, services, capital and certain categories of skilled labour. It also envisions harmonization and coordination of economic policy and eventually a single currency. While ambitions under the CSME are very high, the institutional structure remains minimal. To a greater extent, the CSME still operates in an intergovernmental framework and as such its relevance to a Caribbean faced with exogenous shocks, the likes of which has the ability to erode decades of hard won gains, should be called into question. The link between economic and political integration remains a contentious issue in a region where failed attempts at political unity still haunts the political landscape and where national sovereignty is guarded suspiciously. Decisions are still made by unanimous voting in both the Heads of Government Conference the highest decision making body—and the Council of Ministers. Even the newly created Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ) lacks supranational authority in the form of direct effect of decisions. To date Barbados, Guyana and Antigua are signatories to the court but what is even more scandalous is the location of the court within the twin island of Trinidad and Tobago a non signatory and critic to its establishment. The devil therefore is in the details, the lack of commitment on the part of the leaders has left the Caribbean exposed. If the Caribbean had shown the maturity at the time of the West Indian Federation under the leadership of the then Grantley Adams the community would have been more than able to weather the global economic storm and mitigate against a rise in unemployment and foreign direct investment having forged closer ties under the banner of Integration and regionalism. The reasoning is intuitive; with free movement labour will gravitate to where there is effective demand thus alleviating the pressure where there is no effective demand. This is further buttressed by the industrial and merchant capital in the region being able to plan and invest in sectors in the Caribbean collectively thus spreading the risk and directing investment where it is most needed at preferential interest rates and sharing in the profits. The governance debate in the region is currently in abeyance. The lack of application of sound and consistent standards to the operation of the regions administrative business has prevented its ability to adapt to dynamic changes in the global economic environment. The belief therefore is that it should be revived, this time however in a manner which gives greater prominence to the development dimension and provides a broader interpretation of the elements of good governance (Payne and Sutton 2000). This will mean both more deliberative and purposive action by the state at the national and regional levels and more generally a reconsideration of the role of the state in the region. This brings into focus the Jamaica situation in handling the Coke affair. In so doing, the Commonwealth Caribbean must look beyond what Clive Thomas has described as the post colonial development state and the successor neo-liberal state (Thomas, 1998) to a new form of state with greater CSO involvement, a more supportive public sector and a wider vision, characteristics that are sadly lacking in a Caribbean that should know better given its colonial past and association with self serving hegemonic system. It must also be a more pro-active state, given the generally weak record of the private sector outside of a few enclaves in relatively few countries and the Trinidad and CLICO affair is bought into focus. The company was allowed to grow without regulatory control throughout the Caribbean; excuses were made from Trinidad to Barbados to Bahamas with the result being the disadvantage of the working class in the Caribbean. The key here is to build state capacity in state management and planning in addition to the delivery of more effective and efficient public services to its citizens. In short, the role played by the state in the process of governance is another matter that has to be rethought in every dimension if Commonwealth Caribbean development is to proceed. ( Payne and Sutton 2000) Globalisation is not a new problem to be solved and in as much as it is not new the solutions to the problem are just as illusive now as they were more than five hundred years ago. Indication of such a time line confirm that the Caribbean is in fact no stranger to the concept, the Caribbean has had a longer and more direct relationship with the modern economy than any other peripheral sections of the world. It must be noted that identifiable characteristics derive in large part from the extensity, intensity, velocity and impact of its interactions with the core countries of the world systems over the last five hundred years (Payne and Sutton, 2001: 11-20). It is therefore important that the concept is embraced and the extent to which the embrace is to be made articulated in clear and concise terms to the population. The debate and it must move from the realm of debate if it is to have meaningful impact on the way the Caribbean engages the rest of the world is the concept of Strategic Global Repositioning SGR a formula coined by Richard Bernal, Jamaican ambassador to the USA during most of the 1990s. He advanced this concept in a series of presentations from 1996 onwards, defining it as: a process of repositioning a country in the global economy and world affairs by implementing a strategic medium to long term plan formulated from continuous dialogue of the public service, private sector, academic community and the social sector. It involves proactive structural and institutional transformation (not adjustment) focussed on improvement and diversification of exports and international economic and political relations. Achieving SGR requires changes in both internal and external relations. (Bernal, 2000: 311). It required the following disparate and demanding actions: abandoning the traditional mind-set; diversifying exports; adjusting pro-actively; improving human resources; supplementing the skills pool with overseas nationals; developing strategic corporate alliances; creating a business-facilitating environment; improving physical infrastructure; modernising international marketing; and garnering capital, technology and skills (Bernal, 1996: 7-14). Although a vital role was obviously assigned to a dynamic private sector in this vision, SGR also envisaged an important redefinition of the capacity and purpose of the Caribbean state, with a view to making it more effective and generally bringing it into line with the good governance modalities of the PWC. The concept of SGR unquestionably struck a chord with mainstream Commonwealth Caribbean political leaders and was widely embraced, especially by Owen Arthur, the prime minister of Barbados, who gave it voice in a number of forceful speeches delivered in the latter part of the 1990s (Arthur, 1996; 1999). This lapse in economic prudence has left the island state with little option to attempt stabilization and hope that the global environment to which it is inextricably tied improves. In the preceding sections, the essay has had a long, critical look at the period of national recession, identifying the signs of the crisis and an analysis of the factors that might have caused the exposure of the national state. An important aspect of the discussion was the establishing the possible unprecedented nature of the crisis this was seen as important to give a historical land mark for discussion and a benchmark for future recommendations. These signs are not constrained exclusively to any one state and reflect the economic dynamic taking place at the particular time. ECLAC or the economic commission for Latin America and the Caribbean has been able to give a contextual framework by way of identifying the signs of the crisis and the overarching themes served as a bulkhead of both reasons for the crisis and possible solutions for the future. The essay to some extent has tried as well to draw a quantitative picture of the extent and nature of the crisis impact with reference to the research of Harewood and Davies and to a lesser extent Raymond. The signs as articulated by ECLAC begin with, the major findings from the existing literature nothing new to the Caribbean, the issues of financial contagion, excessive external borrowing, and reduction in foreign direct investment, external demand reduction of goods and services, reduced workers’ remittances as well as changes in relative prices (particularly commodity prices). First and foremost, in spite of differences in the vantage points chosen and the theoretical constructs utilised to explain these phenomenon interested observers generally grant that the underlying forces dictating progress in the Caribbean or lack thereof has had a strong element from within. Evidence was presented of failed IMF bailouts, ineffectual administrations, and questionable governance issues. It should be no surprise that academic within and without the Diaspora have raised their voices in opposition. In assessing the signs the positions taken by Davies and Thomas with respect of the class system brings into focus how Caribbean treat to each other and its contribution to the undermining of economic development. Where does the analysis lead by way of conclusion? The essay drew attention at the outset to the importance of Bernals argument about the Commonwealth Caribbeans need for strategic global repositioning, but argued that his formulation of this conception had not been given sufficient critical scrutiny within the region and thus remained underdeveloped intellectually and politically. We identified competitiveness, diplomacy and governance as the formative elements of SGR and have sought in this study to take the debate about SGR forward by working through in turn the key issues that arise in relation to these three policy agendas. They manifestly constitute the most pressing, and intractable, aspects of the Commonwealth Caribbeans current development problematic (Bernal 1996). They also feed off each other in a series of ways that have been repeatedly highlighted. Works Cited: Eichengreen, Barry,. Financial Crises and What to Do about Them: New York, Oxford University Press, 2002. Peterson, L Willis,. Principles of Economics: IL 60430, Irwin Homewood, 199. Davies, Omar. 1986. The Debt problem in Jamaica: situation and solutions. Mona, Jamaica: University of the West Indies, Dept. of Economics. Thomas, Y Clive. The Poor and the Powerless: Economic Policy and Change in the Caribbean London: Latin America Bureau, 1988) Williams, Eric, Capitalism ; slavery: Chapel Hi ll, University of North Carolina Press, 1944. Best, Lloyd. , The mechanisms of plantation-type economies: outlines of a model off pure plantation economy, Social and Economic Studies 17 (3): 283-323. Barry et al. The Other Side of Paradise. New York: Grove Press, Inc 1984. Harewood Henry.. Inequality in a post-colonial society :Trinidad and Tobago, St. Augustine, Trinidad : Institute of Social and Economic Research, The University of the West Indies. | | Payne and Sutton, Repositioning the Caribbean within Globalisation 2001: 11-20 Bernal, Richard. Strategic Global Repositioningand Future Economic Development in Jamaica, North-South Agenda Papers, no. 18, Dante B. Fascell North-South Center University of Miami. TITLE: â€Å"We are currently experiencing a near unprecedented period of national recession in almost every English Speaking Caribbean country. † Clearly identifying the signs of the crisis, what factors in your informed view account for the exposure of the national s tate to this current state of affairs? NAME: Jepter Y Lorde COURSE NAME: Caribbean Governance 1 COURSE NO. : GOVT 3017 INSTRUCTOR: Cynthia Barrow-Giles UNIVERSITY: University of the West Indies Cave Hill Campus. DATE: 1st November 2011.

Free Essays on Advantages Of SHARE Program

Advantages of the Share Program If you analyze closely you will agree that "Share" program has all the advantages which are typical of real estate ownership, but, by locating a long term tennat, eventual buyer, and eliminating the creditor, headaches of the repairs and management, the problems traditional to real estate are practically taken care of. Thus, it offers a good relatively less risky and stable cash flow producing investment for a longer time frame. Some of the advantages are listed below: Â ·Security Since all your investment is virtually 100% backed by tangible immovable property, it provides you maximum security. These durable hard assets, which are not subject to theft or loss, shall serve as some thing to lean on at the time of a problem. Compared to other intangible investments which as based on certain paper or goodwill, this is derived from some thing solid and valuable. We all know that at the time of economic down turn these intangible or paper investment disappear rather quickly. Â ·Predictable and Steady Cash Flow: Program Share generates cash flows from the monthly payments by the resident co-owners which are quite predictable and steady. Fluctuations in the cash flows, which are typical of many businesses, pose special problem of planning and some times require idle reserves for contingencies. This stream of cash flows from monthly payments will enable management to make quarterly distributions or recycle the money in similar projects. A large portion of this cash flow will not be immediately taxable which makes this even greater value. As we discussed earlier, the trend of inflation is expected to continue, to the extent that it is almost a certainty. Sources at the U.S. Department of Commerce tell us that $10,000 worth of goods and services in 1960 cost $26,432 by 1980 and at the same rate of inflation would cost $69,865 in year 2000. Doesn't it sound amazing? Loaning your non emergen... Free Essays on Advantages Of SHARE Program Free Essays on Advantages Of SHARE Program Advantages of the Share Program If you analyze closely you will agree that "Share" program has all the advantages which are typical of real estate ownership, but, by locating a long term tennat, eventual buyer, and eliminating the creditor, headaches of the repairs and management, the problems traditional to real estate are practically taken care of. Thus, it offers a good relatively less risky and stable cash flow producing investment for a longer time frame. Some of the advantages are listed below: Â · Security Since all your investment is virtually 100% backed by tangible immovable property, it provides you maximum security. These durable hard assets, which are not subject to theft or loss, shall serve as some thing to lean on at the time of a problem. Compared to other intangible investments which as based on certain paper or goodwill, this is derived from some thing solid and valuable. We all know that at the time of economic down turn these intangible or paper investment disappear rather quickly. Â · Predictable and Steady Cash Flow: Program Share generates cash flows from the monthly payments by the resident co-owners which are quite predictable and steady. Fluctuations in the cash flows, which are typical of many businesses, pose special problem of planning and some times require idle reserves for contingencies. This stream of cash flows from monthly payments will enable management to make quarterly distributions or recycle the money in similar projects. A large portion of this cash flow will not be immediately taxable which makes this even greater value. As we discussed earlier, the trend of inflation is expected to continue, to the extent that it is almost a certainty. Sources at the U.S. Department of Commerce tell us that $10,000 worth of goods and services in 1960 cost $26,432 by 1980 and at the same rate of inflation would cost $69,865 in year 2000. Doesn't it sound amazing? Loaning your non emergen...

Brief synopsis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Brief synopsis - Assignment Example The article shows through interviews with John, who suffered greatly and later had a sex change back to being male, that the true facts of the case were suppressed by the medical establishment and that many such operations were both wrong and ineffective. Nowadays the medical advice is to raise childred cosmetically in one or other gender, until the child himself or herself can participate in permanent physical and hormonal re-assignment decisions. This web page gathers materials relating to the case of a young gay man called Matthew Shepard who was killed in 1998 in a violent way by homophobic people in his home town of Laramie, Wyoming. Soon after his death, which shocked the nation, interviews were held with members of the local community. Following that a play was written, to explore the origins and consequences of prejudice and hate against gay people. The website gathers articles and reports on the original crime, reactions to it, the play and its reception, and reflections ten years later on what these efforts have done to highlight the ongoing issue of homophobic violence. It is a useful collection of fact and opinion, keeping the issue alive, and reminding people not to be complacent about instances of homophobia in their community, however mild they seem at first, because they can escalate into terrible consequences. This is a campaigning website providing information and links on the subject of equality for gay and straight people in marriage laws. There is very useful map of all the states of America showing where marriage is legal for homosexual couples, where civil partnerships allowed, and where few or not rights in terms of partnership and marriage are allowed in all the different state laws. There is a possibility to make a pledge for gay equality and donate funds. Articles and information are gathered and this is a serious, comprehensive presentation of arguments and facts in favour of legalizing marriage for gay people uniformly across all